The History of Carpet Cleaning: Part 1
(I found the following article to be fascinating. It is the first chapter from an authoritative training manual for carpet cleaners written in the 1980’s. It gives insight into the industry as it exists today. It is unedited.)
It is essential for anyone entering the carpet cleaning field to have a thorough and comprehensive knowledge of the various cleaning methods, applications, and history of carpet cleaning in general to become an informed and qualified journeyman. The following is a brief history of the cleaning methods.
Prior to World War II virtually all rugs were what we now call area rugs. These being portable and transportable, were best cleaned in a plant where specialized equipment could beat, vacuum, scrub and rinse all in one operation. With a proper drying room, fantastic results were obtained. After beating and vacuuming, the rugs were spread on a slab floor, hosed down with a cleaning solution and water, and scrubbed with a rotary brush scrubber. After rinsing, they were dried.
After WWII, the home builders of America caused a drastic change in home construction. The scarce and expensive hardwood flooring was dispensed with in favor of concrete slabs, plywood or unfinished sub-flooring. Wall-to-wall carpeting was readily accepted by the American housewife because not only was it less work to maintain, but it was also a decorator item. It gives an attractive appearance, is warm, and reduces noise. Builders and buyers accepted it because it was cheaper.
The problem of cleaning wall-to-wall carpeting is different than cleaning area rugs. Not only are they not portable, but the construction is entirely different. Smaller cleaning companies had been cleaning rugs on-location for some time. Since they lacked the expensive plant facilities, they fitted a solution tank and a different brush to the rotary scrubber and it became portable. Since the cleaner now had to come to the home, portable equipment was required.
The chemical companies went to work developing a fast-drying shampoo that used less moisture. Plant cleaners, who now found less rugs coming into the plant for cleaning, were being called to go home. It is little wonder they preferred the same type of cleaning method. They were skilled in this method. It was familiar, they know how to apply it and they already had the basic tool, the rotary scrubber.
Most of the established plant cleaners closed their eyes to this new market. They considered it a step-child. They knew they could not do as good a job in the home as in the plant, so they kept on-location carpet cleaning in the closet as much as possible. It was only a little over a decade ago that the National Institute of Rug Cleaning, Inc., would not allow an on-location carpet cleaning firm to be a member of their association.
The public was buying wall-to-wall carpeting. The larger plant cleaners, members of NIRC (or some such body), were ignoring on-location cleaning. They were partially correct, knowing the short-comings of the system they were familiar with as an on-location method could not be overcome with existing technology. So the equipment manufacturers, accurately sensing an expanding market, had to go outside to sell their equipment. Where it formerly took thousands and thousands of dollars to go into rug cleaning with a plant, now an on-location cleaner could set up shop from his home for a few hundred dollars. He could operate from his home, further cutting overhead.
The telephone company helped in the onslaught of untrained carpet cleaners being foisted onto an unsuspecting public, by allowing anyone to purchase large yellow page ads. These yellow page ads were solicited by some of the best trained and supervised salesmen ever assembled. They ran ads without even the simplest credit checks, with little or no restriction on the copy content.
Suddenly, a plant cleaner with trained and skilled personnel and a huge plant investment found himself in competition with an untrained newcomer with a $200.00 used scrubber and the family car. The fight was on. Prices were slashed. On-location quality was discarded and the public was left stranded. What few associations that were in existence. like NIRC, did nothing to improve the situation.
Fortunately, many of these newcomers discovered better techniques, and natural pride led them to improved quality. The plant cleaner as well started to take notice of the on-location business and some stability entered the field.
About the time things calmed down, a new process was introduced. Actually, it was re-introduced, the dry foam method. This method had been introduced before, but was unsuccessful in merchandising until the mail order people started making claims in their ads in magazines like Mechanics Illustrated, etc. Here again was a system that was almost totally rejected by the existing cleaning firms. They were content to operate as they had.
The system, as sold by firms like Von Schraderand Duraclean, is essentially a light foam brushed onto the carpet and vacuumed back up, all by the same machine in one fairly easy operation. The chief advantage is that the machines are so easy to operate. They do leave a heavy chemical residue in the carpet, and there is no real deep cleaning since the units are low powered and there is no heavy agitation. This system was advertised, and still is, as a cure-all, an absolute panacea for everything that could ever be wrong with a carpet. It should have been sold as a light surface cleaner to be used in between regular cleanings as a touch-up. The established carpet cleaners didn't jump on this method the way the manufacturers anticipated, so following an earlier lead, they sold them to newcomers.
Again the market became flooded with untrained and unqualified operators. Not as serious as before though, because the units were more expensive. And since they were built in such a way as to use very little moisture, and had no excess power, they didn't cause any harm to the carpeting. We went through a battle between the newcomers and the established cleaners, but it wasn't as bad as before.